fig1

Figure 1. Living systems and biotic iontronic systems regulate physiological processes through ion channels. (A) The biological system utilizes natural ion channels to perceive and transmit multiple ion signals, achieving low energy consumption and feedback regulation; (B) Biotic iontronics employs artificial ion channels to process single-ion signals, with the potential to enable multimodal signal processing, multisensory enhancement, biotic-abiotic communication, and closed-loop regulation.