fig1

Figure 1. Intrinsic factors of multi-type ions. (A) Schematic of the intrinsic ionic properties, including valence state, size, charge, and hydration state; (B) Conductivity of various 0.1 M electrolytes measured in a device with bulk graphite walls and single-layer angstrom-size slit MoS₂ spacers (top). Ion mobility under confinement as a function of different hydrated diameters (bottom). This figure is quoted with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science^[29]; (C) Schematic of the Grotthuss mechanism; (D) Schematic of the ligand-channel mechanism.