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Figure 4. Schematic illustration of biological neural networks and a nanofluidic neuromorphic system. (A) Perceptual neural networks. Living organisms exhibit sensitive and intelligent perceptual abilities, including the senses of touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste. These sensory systems detect external stimuli (e.g., force, heat, light, voice, molecules) and transmit signals to the central nervous system for information processing; (B) Biological ion channels (such as K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ ion channels); ‌(C) Perspective for the future of Nanofluidic Neuromorphic Iontronics based on artificial ion channels‌.