fig7

Figure 7. 3D network structure. (A) High porosity open-cell PU foam as a continuous network skeleton, loaded with IL via one-step soaking. Reproduced with permission^[59]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature; (B) Directly fabricating an ionic gel layer with a porous foam network via the sugar cube sacrificial template method. Reproduced with permission^[84]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (C) Fabrication of IG/CP nanofiber network film ionic layer via electrospinning process. Reproduced with permission^[140]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society; (D) A double-layer shell-core nanofiber network is constructed via coaxial electrospinning technology. Reproduced with permission^[141]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. 3D: Three-dimensional; STA: stearic acid; PDA: polydopamine; IG: ionic gel; CP: chrysanthemum pollen; P(VDF-co-HFP): poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene); [BMIM]: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; [TFSI]: bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide; PU: polyurethane.