fig5

Figure 5. Electrospinning technology for (A) TPU-based nanofiber and (B) PVA-based nanofiber. Reproduced with permission^[57,93]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society, and 2024 Elsevier; (C) freeze-drying technology. Reproduced with permission^[94]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH; Printing technology. (D-E) screen printing technology, and (F) 3D direct printing technology. Reproduced with permission^[95-97]. Copyright 2023 Springer Nature, 2024 Wiley-VCH, and 2025 MDPI. TPU: Thermoplastic polyurethane; NFM: nanofibrous membrane; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; NF: nanofiber; GR: graphene; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; 3D: three-dimensional; PEDOT:PSS: Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate); PEG₍₆₀₀₎DMA: polyethylene glycol (600) dimethacrylate; [EMIM][TFSI]: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide; PUA: photosensitive resin and polyurethane acrylate; UV: ultraviolet; BN: boron nitrideboron nitride.