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Figure 1. Ion transmission in neural networks and artificial nanoconfined ion-gating systems. (A) Neural ion channels achieve ion selectivity through energy-matched coordination environments and exhibit kinetic hysteresis that serves as the physical basis of temporal plasticity; (B) Low-dimensional ion-gating systems (0D, 1D, 2D) reveal the mechanisms that regulate ultrafast ion-selective transport, providing guiding principles for constructing multi-dimensional ion-gating systems. 0D: Zero-dimensional; 1D: one-dimensional; 2D: two-dimensional; 3D: three-dimensional.