fig3

Figure 3. Biological barriers limiting native EV therapeutics and engineering strategies to overcome them. Created with BioRender. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; MPS: mononuclear phagocyte system; PEG: polyethylene glycol; CD47: cluster of differentiation 47; siRNAs: small interfering RNAs; ASOs: antisense oligonucleotides; mRNA: messenger RNA; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; PS: phosphatidylserine.