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Figure 3. Exploratory summary of reported changes in EV output following mechanical stimulation. (A) Fold changes grouped by EV isolation method; (B) Fold changes grouped by mechanical stimulation type; (C) Fold changes grouped by donor-cell type; (D) Distribution of donor-cell types investigated. The cell types are as follows: 1. mesenchymal stem cells; 2. muscle cell lines; 3. tumor cells; 4. immune cells; 5. endothelial cells; 6. neuronal and glial cells; 7. HEK293T cells; 8. preadipocytes; 9. fibroblasts; 10. bone cell lines; 11. organoids; 12. blood cells; 13. epithelial cells; and 14. pluripotent stem cells; (E) Stratified analysis of reported changes in EV output for the MSC studies represented in panel D, grouped by isolation method (top) and stimulation modality (bottom). Note: This figure descriptively summarizes heterogeneous study-specific measurements of EV output. Fold change was calculated as the ratio of the reported output in the mechanically stimulated group to that in the matched control group. Studies without clearly reported changes in EV output were excluded. EV output includes EV concentration, total recovered EV number and cell-normalized EV productivity, as defined in each original study. Comparison-level details of EV sources, isolation and quantification methods, normalization approaches and other available experimental information are provided in Supplementary Table 1. Within-study ratios do not eliminate differences in quantification methods, normalization, isolation recovery or sample purity. Accordingly, comparisons across groups should be interpreted as exploratory patterns in the available literature. Values are displayed as log₂(stimulated/control), with the transformation used solely for visualization. EV: Extracellular vesicle; 3D: three-dimensional; Comb: combined separation strategies; HEK293T: human embryonic kidney 293T; IA: immunoadsorption; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; PCP: polymer co-precipitation; TFF: tangential flow filtration; UC: ultracentrifugation; UF: ultrafiltration.