fig5

Figure 5. TWELP@GlcN-HA mitigates bone destruction and inflammation in CIA mice. (A-F) Quantitative micro-CT analysis of bone parameters: BV, BV/TV, BMD, Tb.BS, Tb.Th, and Tb.Cav.CT_Value; (G-I) Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; (J-L) OPG, RANKL, and OPG/RANKL ratio reflecting bone remodeling. Data are mean ± SD; one-way ANOVA, ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 (n = 4). ANOVA: Analysis of variance; BMD: bone mineral density; BV: bone volume; BV/TV: bone volume fraction; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; GlcN: glucosamine; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; micro-CT: micro-computed tomography; OPG: osteoprotegerin; OPG/RANKL: ratio of osteoprotegerin to receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand; RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand; SD: standard deviation; Tb.BS: trabecular bone surface; Tb.Cav.CT_Value: trabecular cavity CT value; Tb.Th: trabecular thickness; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; TP: triptolide; TWELP: Tripterygium wilfordii-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; TWELP@GlcN-HA: engineered Tripterygium wilfordii-derived exosome-like nanoparticle system; TWELP@HA: hyaluronic acid-modified TWELP.