fig2

Figure 2. Cellular uptake, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and macrophage polarization effects of TWELP@GlcN-HA in RAW264.7 macrophages. (A) CLSM images of FluoExo® Green-labeled TWELP and TWELP@GlcN-HA uptake in RAW264.7 macrophages with or without LPS stimulation (scale bar: 20 μm); (B-D) Quantification of LPS-induced cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 under different treatments; (E) ROS generation (scale bar: 20 μm); (F) Quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS; (G) Immunofluorescence staining of CD86 and CD206 for M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes under various treatments (scale bar: 20 μm). Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001. ANOVA: Analysis of variance; CD86: cluster of differentiation 86; CLSM: confocal laser scanning microscopy; GlcN: glucosamine; HA: hyaluronic acid; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SD: standard deviation; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; TP: triptolide; TWELP: Tripterygium wilfordii-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; TWELP@GlcN-HA: engineered Tripterygium wilfordii-derived exosome-like nanoparticle system; TWELP@HA: hyaluronic acid-modified TWELP.