fig7

Figure 7. Evaluation of the transdermal permeation properties of the RS-EVLP complex in the epidermis of nude mice. (A) Transdermal experimental design flowchart; (B) Fluorescence micrographs showing the depth of stratum corneum penetration in the normal control group and DiI dye-treated groups (15, 30, and 60 min), as well as the DiI-labeled RS-EVLP complex-treated groups (15, 30, and 60 min); (C) Permeation density trends at different time points. Data are shown as mean ± SEM from n biological replicates (as indicated in each panel), with each biological sample measured in triplicate (technical replicates, n = 3). Note: The focus was on observing the efficacy of the RS-EVLP carrier itself. So, statistical analysis was not performed, as this experiment focused on qualitative observations of penetration-depth trends. Trend-change graphs of the penetration density of the treatment groups at different time points. DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DiI: 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; RS-EVLP: rose-derived extracellular vesicle-like particles; SEM: standard error of the mean.