fig1

Figure 1. Extraction and identification of RS-EVLP. (A) Extraction of RS-EVLP from roses by ultrafast differential centrifugation; (B) TEM to observe the RS-EVLP morphology and size, with a 50-nm scale bar; (C) Nano-flow cytometry to detect the RS-EVLP particle size distribution; (D) Triton X-100 to detect the lipid membrane structure of the RS-EVLP; (E) Protein electrophoresis to identify the RS-EVLP proteins; (F and G) RS-EVLP metabolite species; (H and I) Mass spectrometry to analyze the positive and negative ion flow patterns of the RS-EVLP. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test: ^***P < 0.001. ANOVA: Analysis of variance; RS-EVLP: rose-derived extracellular vesicle-like particles; SEM: standard error of the mean; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.