fig1

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of AI-driven extracellular vesicle engineering and therapeutic design. The schematic illustrates an integrated workflow in which AIVCs may model parental-cell states and support EV design, engineered EVs may be optimized for cargo composition and surface targeting, digital twin systems may support recipient-system modeling and the simulation of EV uptake and intracellular trafficking, and experimental validation provides feedback for iterative refinement. This framework links source programming, vesicle engineering, in silico prediction, and biological validation into a closed-loop strategy that may facilitate precision EV therapeutics. Created in BioRender. AI: Artificial intelligence; EV: extracellular vesicle; AIVC: AI virtual cell; miRNAs: microRNAs.