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Figure 3. Integrated therapeutic mechanisms of SC-EVs in neurological disorders. This schematic illustrates six major functional pathways: (1) Regulation of Pathological Protein Aggregation to restore proteostasis in AD and PD; (2) Immunomodulation and Anti-Neuroinflammation alongside (3) Neuronal Protection and Anti-Apoptosis, which collectively provide broad cellular defense across acute injuries (stroke), chronic neurodegeneration (AD, PD), and psychiatric/seizure disorders (epilepsy, schizophrenia); (4) Anti-Oxidative Stress responses to restore intracellular redox balance in stroke, PD, and depression; (5) Neuroplasticity enhancement to rebuild synaptic circuitry; and (6) Angiogenesis and BBB Protection to repair the neurovascular unit in stroke and AD. SC-EVs: Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; PD: Parkinson’s disease; BBB: blood-brain barrier.