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Figure 2. Health-promoting effects of nBEVs and potential challenges in their applications. (A) BEVs exert their health-promoting effects on the intestinal tract by regulating the composition of the host’s intestinal microbiota, modulating local immune responses in the intestine, and restoring the integrity and function of the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, BEVs also have a positive impact on the overall health of the host (including the brain, metabolic diseases, immune system, and skin); (B) Potential applications of BEVs as postbiotics in the food and biomedical industries; (C) Current challenges for the safe and effective clinical application of BEVs. BEVs: Bacterial extracellular vesicles; nBEVs: natural bacterial extracellular vesicles; LPS: lipopolysaccharide.