fig1

Figure 1. Paradigm shift from traditional probiotics to eBEVs as next-generation precision postbiotics. (A) Traditional probiotics: live beneficial bacteria but with limited stability, potential safety risks, and non-specific broad-spectrum effects; (B) nBEVs: improve general host health but have remaining issues with composition, safety, and stability; (C) eBEVs: precise platform with targeted delivery, controlled release, programmable payload loading, and detoxified profiles. BEVs: Bacterial extracellular vesicles; nBEVs: natural bacterial extracellular vesicles; eBEVs: engineered bacterial extracellular vesicles.