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Figure 3. Integrative model of mechanotransduction, vesicular trafficking, and autophagy in drug resistance. Schematic overview depicting how mechanical stress and cytoskeletal remodeling promote exosome biogenesis and MVB formation, which converge on macroautophagy, mitophagy, and CMA. The left compartment illustrates upstream mechanosensing and vesicular release, with indications of intervention strategies targeting matrix stiffness, receptor signaling, and exosome secretion. The right compartment outlines autophagosome maturation and autolysosomal clearance, which facilitate ROS elimination, organelle quality control, and drug efflux. The integrated circuit ultimately suppresses apoptosis and drives the acquisition of a stable drug-resistant phenotype, highlighting multiple nodes for combinatorial therapeutic targeting. CMA: Chaperone-mediated autophagy; MVB: multivesicular body; ROS: reactive oxygen species.