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Figure 3. A pathological-node-based framework illustrating EV-mediated therapeutic effects and potential functional outcomes in optic neuropathies. (A) EVs derived from diverse sources converge on three shared pathological nodes underlying optic neuropathies, including RGC degeneration, neuroinflammation, and metabolic dysregulation, thereby promoting RGC preservation, immunomodulation, and metabolic homeostasis; (B) These biological effects may contribute to structural and functional improvements, including axonal preservation/repair and potential visual functional recovery. Figure was created with https://BioRender.com/ir2n3lu. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; EVs: extracellular vesicles; HO: heme oxygenase; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; •OH: hydroxyl radical; •O₂^2-: peroxide ion; •O₂^-: superoxide anion.