fig1

Figure 1. Summary of the EV molecular targets in diseased intestine and lung. The multifaceted target molecules of EVs are depicted in this cartoon: EVs, as one important natural bridge between intestine and lung, act by modulating compartment-specific molecules but also common molecules such as TNF-α and macrophage markers (CD80, CD86, Arg1, NOS2). [Created with BioRender. Dorigo Hochuli, A. (2025) https://BioRender.com/awjluhs]. IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-7: interleukin-7; IL-10: interleukin-10; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; NOS2: nitric oxide synthase 2; Arg1: arginase 1; Ang-1: angiopoietin-1; CD31: cluster of differentiation 31; CD40: cluster of differentiation 40; CD86: cluster of differentiation 86; CD206: mannose receptor CD206; CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CCL7: C-C motif chemokine ligand 7; MIP-2: macrophage inflammatory protein-2; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products; SFTPC: surfactant protein C; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MPO: myeloperoxidase; TJs: tight junctions; 8-oxo-dG: 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine; EVs: extracellular vesicles; FD70: fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 70; RetnIa: resistin-like alpha.