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Figure 1. Schematic representation of therapeutic intervention by stem cell-derived EVs in Aging. Aging triggers cellular senescence, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction, driving cognitive decline and contributing to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease pathology. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles carry antioxidants, neuroprotective microRNAs, mitochondrial regulators, and anti-inflammatory molecules. These vesicles enhance neurogenesis, protect against neurotoxicity, alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve cognitive function. (Created in BioRender. https://BioRender.com/u7czgbc). EVs: Extracellular vesicles; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; iPSC-NSCs: induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells; hNSCs: human neural stem cells; hADSCs: human adipose-derived stem cells; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; PD: Parkinson’s disease.