fig9

Figure 9. EVs from different sources for OA therapy. The existing and potential future donors of EVs are comprehensively introduced. EVs of organoid, bacterial, and plant may be potential therapeutic agents. Created in BioRender. Bigbone B. (2025) https://BioRender.com/wpbir74. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; OA: osteoarthritis; BMSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; ADSCs: adipose-derived stem cells; SMSCs: synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells; EMSCs: endometrium-derived mesenchymal stem cells; UMSCs: umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; AMSCs: amniotic mesenchymal stem cells; AFSCs: amniotic fluid stem cells; SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; CPCs: chondroprogenitor cells; PRP: platelet-rich plasma; hypACT: hyperacute serum.