fig8

Figure 8. Overview of the role of PEVs in OP (A) EVs of yam origin, when administered orally, stimulate osteoblast formation, thereby effectively alleviating OP. Copyright 2023, Elsevier B.V.; (B) Pueraria lobata-derived EVs promote osteogenesis through enhanced autophagy. Copyright 2023, Elsevier B.V. PEVs: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles; OP: osteoporosis; EVs: extracellular vesicles; TMAO: trimethylamine-N-oxide; OVX: ovariectomy; PELNs: pueraria lobata-derived exosome-like nanovesicles; YNVs: yam-derived exosome-like nanovesicles; S-YNVs: small size of YNVs.