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Figure 7. Overview of the role of BEVs in OP. (A) Anchor bone-targeting peptides onto the membrane of BEVs and achieve targeted treatment of osteoporosis by delivering endogenous miRNAs. Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd; (B) BMP-2 and CXCR4 components were synthesized to construct the recombinant plasmid pClyA-BMP-2-CXCR4, which facilitated the generation of the recombinant probiotic ECN-pClyA-BMP-2-CXCR4. This recombinant probiotic was then cultured to produce BEVs with bone-targeting and osteogenic capabilities. Copyright 2025, Wiley Periodicals LLC. BEVs: Bacterial extracellular vesicles; OP: osteoporosis; miRNAs: microRNAs; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein-2; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; pClyA: plasmid carrying cytolysin A; ECN: Escherichia coli Nissle 1917.