fig5

Figure 5. Overview of engineering modifications to EVs. It is divided into modification of parental strains, physical modification, chemical modification, and biological modification. Created in BioRender. Bigbone B. (2025) https://BioRender.com/sy9pesy. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; CRISPR-Cas9: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9.