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Figure 2. The biogenesis of BEVs, MEVs, and PEVs varies among different organisms. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria produce EVs through distinct mechanisms. In Gram-positive bacteria, EVs are generated through a process known as bubbling cell death, specifically referred to as CMVs. Gram-negative bacteria employ two main mechanisms to produce BEVs: outer membrane blebbing, which results in OMVs, and explosive cell lysis, which leads to the formation of both OIMVs and EOMVs. MEVs are primarily produced via microvesicles, apoptotic vesicles, and the MVBs pathway, while PEVs are mainly produced through the EXPO pathway, vesicular pathway, and MVBs pathway. Created in BioRender. Bigbone B. (2025) https://BioRender.com/gxc0cps. BEVs: Bacterial extracellular vesicles; MEVs: mammalian extracellular vesicles; PEVs: plant-derived extracellular vesicles; CMVs: cytoplasmic membrane vesicles; OMVs: outer membrane vesicles; OIMVs: outer-inner membrane vesicles; EOMVs: explosive outer membrane vesicles; MVBs: multivesicular bodies; EXPO: exocyst-positive organelle; EE: early endosome.