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Figure 10. MEVs for OA therapy. (A) MEVs loaded with curcumin are obtained through co-culture with ADSCs, and these MEVs exhibit excellent cartilage-protective effects. Copyright 2022 Springer Nature; (B) Exogenous miR-223 is loaded into MEVs via electroporation to enhance their therapeutic efficacy, followed by surface modification with a type II collagen-targeting peptide to confer targeting capability. These bifunctional MEVs exhibit strong therapeutic effects against OA. Copyright 2023 Elsevier; (C) An injectable multifunctional therapeutic system was developed by encapsulating T cell-derived EVs into lubricative hydrogel microspheres. The inflammatory microenvironment was effectively modulated, cartilage homeostasis was promoted, and cartilage surface friction was reduced by this system, thereby advancing cartilage remodeling and OA treatment. Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society; (D) The hybrid nanoparticles, fabricated through the hybridization of nicotinamide-encapsulated and Col2A1 antibody-modified liposomes with TGF-β1-overexpressing EVs, were demonstrated to exhibit targeted delivery, anti-inflammatory, and cartilage-protective capabilities, effectively mitigating the progression of OA. Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society. MEVs: Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles; OA: osteoarthritis; ADSCs: adipose-derived stem cells; miR: microRNA; EVs: extracellular vesicles; Col2A1: type II collagen alpha 1 chain; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta 1.