fig4
Figure 4. Comparison of the VIRS and EMCEV models, highlighting differences in mechanism and stoichiometry: (1) VIRS: Ligand clustering, signalosome formation, 1 EV : 1 cell; (2) EMCEV: Enzymatic conversion (e.g., CD73-mediated adenosine production), 1 EV : many cells. (Figure was created with AI-assisted technologies). VIRS: Vesicle-induced receptor signaling; EMCEV: enzymatic metabolite conversion by extracellular vesicles; EV: extracellular vesicle; CD73: ecto-5’-nucleotidase.
