fig4

Figure 4. Mechanisms of some PDEVs against skin aging. (A) GrDENs. This figure is quoted with permission from Choi et al.^[26]; (B) ADEVs. This figure is quoted with permission from Sun et al.^[28]; (C) EV-EC. This figure is quoted with permission from Batsukh et al.^[31]. PDEVs: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles; GrDENs: ginseng root-derived extracellular nanovesicles; ADEVs: aloe-derived extracellular vesicles; EV-EC: extracellular vesicles from epidermal cells; UV: ultraviolet; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; COX: cyclooxygenase; IL:interleukin; AP-1: activating protein-1; UVA: ultraviolet A; UVB: ultraviolet B; ICR: Institute of Cancer Research; HaCaT: human keratinocyte cell line; rADNPs: raw aloe-derived nanoplates; gADNPs: gel aloe-derived nanoplates; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ARE: antioxidant response element; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; SOD: superoxide dismutase; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; HSP70: heat shock protein 70; PT: phlorotannin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; SAPK: stress-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β.