fig3

Figure 3. Schematic representation of ROS-mediated skin aging. UV-induced ROS modulate the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, triggering inflammation and promoting ECM degradation, ultimately leading to skin aging. UV: Ultraviolet; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; AP-1: activating protein-1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; ECM: extracellular matrix.