fig1

Figure 1. Biogenesis pathway of PDEVs. (1) Vacuolar pathway: small vacuoles in plant cells fuse to form the central vacuole, which subsequently fuses with the PM to release EVs; (2) MVBs pathway; (3) EXPO pathway: double-membrane EXPO mediates exocytosis from the cytoplasm to the cell wall. This figure is quoted with permission from Zhao et al.^[10]. PDEVs: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles; PM: plasma membrane; MVBs: multivesicular bodies; EXPO: exocyst-positive organelle.