fig9

Figure 9. tt-Mfn-EV cytotoxicity assessment in normal cells. (A and B) Human normal lung fibroblast MRC-₉ cells, and (C and D) human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells were treated with free CDDP, GNP-CDDP, EV-GNP-CDDP and tt-Mfn-EV and analyzed for cell viability and molecular markers by western blotting. The effect of tt-Mfn-EV treatment on MRC-₉ was determined at 24 and 48 h, and on HEK₂₉₃ at 24 h after treatment. Bar graphs represent the mean ± SD from three replicates (n = 3). Statistical significance was assessed using an unpaired Student’s t-test, with P values indicated as ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, ^****P < 0.0001, NS denotes not significant. tt-Mfn-EV: Tumor-targeted multifunctional extracellular vesicle; HEK₂₉₃: human embryonic kidney 293; CDDP: cisplatin; GNP: gold nanoparticle; SD: standard deviation.