fig6

Figure 6. Therapeutic efficacy of tt-Mfn-EVs in A₅₄₉ lung cancer cells. Cells were treated with tt-Mfn-EV, free CDDP, GNP-CDDP, EV-GNP-CDDP and assessed for cell viability and apoptosis markers at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment. Cells receiving no treatment served as the control. (A) Cell viability showed that tt-Mfn-EV significantly and greatly reduced cell viability compared to GNP-CDDP, EV-GNP-CDDP treatments. Free CDDP, however, showed the highest cytotoxicity among all treatment groups; (B) Western blot analysis showed activation of apoptosis was highest in free CDDP treatment, followed by tt-Mfn-EV, EV-GNP-CDDP and GNP-CDDP. Bar graph represents the mean ± SD from three replicates (n = 3). Statistical significance was assessed using an unpaired Student’s t-test, with P values indicated as ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, ^****P < 0.0001, NS denotes not significant. tt-Mfn-EVs: Tumor-targeted multifunctional extracellular vesicles; CDDP: cisplatin; GNP: gold nanoparticle; SD: standard deviation.