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Figure 4. Applications of AI-enabled engineered BEVs. Natural bacteria can be engineered through synthetic biology to create customized strains for the production of tailored BEVs. Alternatively, naturally occurring BEVs can be enhanced using various engineering techniques to develop modified versions. However, AI can direct both natural and engineered BEVs that can be effective in multiple ways. Figure was created with https://app.biorender.com/. AI: Artificial intelligence; PK/PD: pharmacokinetics /pharmacodynamics; BEVs: bacterial extracellular vesicles.