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Figure 2. In vivo biodistribution of DiD- and NanoLuc-BEVs. (A) GF mice were intravenously administered DiD- or NanoLuc-BEVs (4 × 10¹⁰/mouse). Individual organs were excised 1 h post-administration and imaged using a Bruker In vivo Xtreme imaging system. The NanoGlo substrate was injected intraperitoneally 5 min prior to euthanasia and organ excision. Images represent n = 2 (DiD-BEV) or n = 3 (NanoLuc-BEV) mice per group; (B) Quantification of fluorescence (left axis) or luminescence (right axis) signals from each organ. Error bars represent mean ± SD. The red dotted line indicates the LOD. DiD: 1,1’-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine; NanoLuc: Nanoluciferase; BEVs: bacterial extracellular vesicles; GF: germ-free; SD: standard deviation; LOD: limit of detection.