fig3

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the tumor cell-derived engineered exosome Exo-CpG for enhancing immunotherapy against glioblastoma. (A) Exos were isolated from glioblastoma (GBM) cells and loaded with the CpG adjuvant to construct the engineered exosome Exo-CpG; (B) After entering brain tumor tissue, Exo-CpG enhances antigen presentation and promotes dendritic cell (DC) activation, thereby inducing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses and related cytokine secretion. These effects suppress orthotopic tumor growth and may also enhance immune responses against recurrent tumors. Adapted from Li et al.^[126], used under the CC BY 4.0 license. Exo: Exosome; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; TCR: T cell receptor; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.