fig2

Figure 2. The potent cytoprotective properties of Gin-PDNVs on H9c2 cells against H₂O₂-induced injury. (A) Schematic illustration outlining the experimental workflow; (B) Relative viability of H9c2 cells following 4 h exposure to 200, 400, 600 and 800 µmol·L^-1 H₂O₂. n = 6; (C) Relative viability of H9c2 cells after Gin-PDNVs treatment. n = 6; (D) Calcein-AM (green)-labeled H9c2 cells after Gin-PDNVs treatment (Scale bar = 1 mm); (E) Relative number of H9c2 cells from (D). n = 6; (F) ROS levels in H9c2 cells were measured by flow cytometry; (G) Quantitative analysis of ROS-positive and -negative cell populations. n = 3; (H) Representative flow cytometry histograms of intracellular ROS levels. n = 3. Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA (^###P < 0.001 vs. control; ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 vs. model). PDNVs: Plant-derived nanovesicles; Gin-PDNVs: Panax ginseng-derived nanovesicles; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8; Calcein-AM: calcein acetoxymethyl ester; PICO: ImageXpress Pico; ROS: reactive oxygen species; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; ANOVA: analysis of variance; SD: standard deviation; mm: millimeter; µmol: micromole; µg: microgram; mL: milliliter; L: liter.