fig1

Figure 1. Characterization and cellular uptake of PDNVs. (A) Isolation of PDNVs from Gin and Glu by differential ultracentrifugation; (B) TEM images of Gin-PDNVs and Glu-PDNVs (Scale bars = 500 and 100 nm); NTA analysis of (C and D) diameter distribution and (E and F) zeta potential of Gin-PDNVs and Glu-PDNVs. n = 3; (G) DiI (red)-labelled PDNVs in phalloidin (green)-labelled H9c2 cells (Scale bar = 25 µm). Data are presented as mean ± SD. PDNVs: Plant-derived nanovesicles; Gin: Panax ginseng; Glu: Rehmannia glutinosa; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; DiI: 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; SD: standard deviation; EVs: extracellular vesicles; nm: nanometer; µm: micrometer; mV: millivolt.