fig4

Figure 4. Molecular mechanisms of CW-DNVs in MASH attenuation. (A) Hepatic TG content; (B-D) Western blot and quantification of PGC-1α, FASN, and MTTP in liver; (E and F) Lipid droplet formation in AML12 cells treated with CW-DNVs and OA; (G and H) Immunohistochemistry for CD68 and IL-6 in liver sections; (I-K) Hepatic IL-6 expression assessed by Western blot (I and J) and qPCR (K). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 for in vitro studies; n = 5 mice for in vivo studies). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001; ^****P < 0.0001 vs. NCD + PBS or Control group; ^#P < 0.05; ^##P < 0.01; ^####P < 0.0001 vs. HFD + PBS or OA alone group. CW-DNVs: Curcuma wenyujin-derived nanovesicles; MASH: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; TG: triglycerides; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; FASN: fatty acid synthase; MTTP: microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; AML12: alpha mouse liver 12; OA: oleic acid; IL-6: interleukin-6; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SEM: standard error of the mean; ANOVA: analysis of variance; NCD: normal chow diet; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; CD68: cluster of differentiation 68; HFD: high fatty diet; ns: not significant.