fig1

Figure 1. Characterization of CW-DNVs. (A) Schematic of CW-DNVs isolation from C. wenyujin rhizomes by differential ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Band 1, hereafter referred to as CW-DNVs, was selected for further analysis; (B) Representative TEM image of CW-DNVs; (C) NTA showing size concentration and distribution and (D) zeta potential of CW-DNVs; (E) RNA presence assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and (F) total proteins assessed by SDS-PAGE in CW-DNVs; (G) Lipidomics of CW-DNVs. Clockwise: DG, PS, PA, SPH, Hex1Cer, PG, MGDG, CL, TG, PI, DGDG, and MG; (H) Small-molecule constituents identified by LC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring. CW-DNVs: Curcuma wenyujin-derived nanovesicles; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; DG: diglycerides; PS: phosphatidylserine; PA: phosphatidic acid; SPH: sphingomyelin; Hex1Cer: hexosylceramide; PG: phosphatidylglycerol; MGDG: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol; CL: cardiolipin; TG: triglycerides; PI: phosphatidylinositol; DGDG: digalactosyldiacylglycerol; MG: monoglycerides.