REFERENCES

1. Kumar SK, Rajkumar V, Kyle RA, et al. Multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17046.

2. Palumbo A, Anderson K. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1046-60.

3. Costa F, Dalla Palma B, Giuliani N. CD38 expression by myeloma cells and its role in the context of bone marrow microenvironment: modulation by therapeutic agents. Cells. 2019;8:1632.

4. Quarona V, Ferri V, Chillemi A, et al. Unraveling the contribution of ectoenzymes to myeloma life and survival in the bone marrow niche. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1335:10-22.

5. Kaczmarek E, Koziak K, Sévigny J, et al. Identification and characterization of CD39/vascular ATP diphosphohydrolase. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:33116-22.

6. Zimmermann H. 5-Nucleotidase: molecular structure and functional aspects. Biochem J. 1992;285:345-65.

7. Lennon PF, Taylor CT, Stahl GL, Colgan SP. Neutrophil-derived 5’-adenosine monophosphate promotes endothelial barrier function via CD73-mediated conversion to adenosine and endothelial A2B receptor activation. J Exp Med. 1998;188:1433-43.

8. Goding JW, Grobben B, Slegers H. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003;1638:1-19.

9. Horenstein AL, Chillemi A, Zaccarello G, et al. A CD38/CD203a/CD73 ectoenzymatic pathway independent of CD39 drives a novel adenosinergic loop in human T lymphocytes. Oncoimmunology. 2013;2:e26246.

10. Aliagas E, Vidal A, Texidó L, Ponce J, Condom E, Martín-Satué M. High expression of ecto-nucleotidases CD39 and CD73 in human endometrial tumors. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:509027.

11. Deterre P, Gelman L, Gary-Gouy H, et al. Coordinated regulation in human T cells of nucleotide-hydrolyzing ecto-enzymatic activities, including CD38 and PC-1. Possible role in the recycling of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolites. J Immunol. 1996;157:1381-8.

12. Horenstein AL, Quarona V, Toscani D, et al. Adenosine generated in the bone marrow niche through a CD38-mediated pathway correlates with progression of human myeloma. Mol Med. 2016;22:694-704.

13. Sharif T, Ahn DG, Liu RZ, et al. The NAD+ salvage pathway modulates cancer cell viability via p73. Cell Death Differ. 2016;23:669-80.

14. Venter G, Oerlemans FT, Willemse M, Wijers M, Fransen JA, Wieringa B. NAMPT-mediated salvage synthesis of NAD+ controls morphofunctional changes of macrophages. PLoS One. 2014;9:e97378.

15. Yaku K, Okabe K, Hikosaka K, Nakagawa T. NAD metabolism in cancer therapeutics. Front Oncol. 2018;8:622.

16. Yong J, Cai S, Zeng Z. Targeting NAD+ metabolism: dual roles in cancer treatment. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1269896.

17. Reddy PS, Umesh S, Thota B, et al. PBEF1/NAmPRTase/Visfatin: a potential malignant astrocytoma/glioblastoma serum marker with prognostic value. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008;7:663-8.

18. Venkateshaiah SU, Khan S, Ling W, et al. NAMPT/PBEF1 enzymatic activity is indispensable for myeloma cell growth and osteoclast activity. Exp Hematol. 2013;41:547-57.e2.

19. Chu M, Rong J, Wang Y, et al. Strong association of the polymorphisms in PBEF1 and knee OA risk: a two-stage population-based study in China. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19094.

20. Colombo G, Clemente N, Zito A, et al. Neutralization of extracellular NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) ameliorates experimental murine colitis. J Mol Med. 2020;98:595-612.

21. Morandi F, Marimpietri D, Horenstein AL, et al. Microvesicles released from multiple myeloma cells are equipped with ectoenzymes belonging to canonical and non-canonical adenosinergic pathways and produce adenosine from ATP and NAD+. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1458809.

22. Castillo-Peña A, Molina-Pinelo S. Landscape of tumor and immune system cells-derived exosomes in lung cancer: mediators of antitumor immunity regulation. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1279495.

23. Giusti I, Poppa G, Di Fazio G, D’Ascenzo S, Dolo V. Metastatic dissemination: role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles and their use as clinical biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:9590.

24. Mitchell MI, Loudig O. Communicator extraordinaire: extracellular vesicles in the tumor microenvironment are essential local and long-distance mediators of cancer metastasis. Biomedicines. 2023;11:2534.

25. Wang S, Sun J, Dastgheyb RM, Li Z. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles modulate innate immune responses to affect tumor progression. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1045624.

26. Xu R, Rai A, Chen M, Suwakulsiri W, Greening DW, Simpson RJ. Extracellular vesicles in cancer - implications for future improvements in cancer care. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15:617-38.

27. Van Morckhoven D, Dubois N, Bron D, Meuleman N, Lagneaux L, Stamatopoulos B. Extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies: EV-dence for reshaping the tumoral microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1265969.

28. Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, et al. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:27.

29. Urabe F, Kosaka N, Ito K, Kimura T, Egawa S, Ochiya T. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2020;318:C29-39.

30. Hao X, Liu Z, Ma F, et al. Exosome-based liquid biopsy in early screening and diagnosis of cancers. Dose Response. 2025;23:15593258251344480.

31. Santamaria S, Cardinali B, Rovere M, et al. New insight in early detection and precision medicine in small cell lung cancer: liquid biopsy as innovative clinical tool. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2025;62:404-28.

32. Thomas Junior DS, Chai J, Lu YJ. The development and applications of circulating tumour cells, circulating tumour DNA and other emerging biomarkers for early cancer detection. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2025;6:1002314.

33. Lianidou E, Pantel K. Liquid biopsies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2019;58:219-32.

34. Izhar M, Ahmad Z, Moazzam M, Jader A. Targeted liquid biopsy for brain tumors. J Liq Biopsy. 2024;6:100170.

35. De Rosa C, Amato L, Ariano A, et al. Novel applications of liquid Biopsy: comprehensive methodology for circulating biomarker exploration in peripheral blood. J Liq Biopsy. 2025;9:100307.

36. Benecke L, Chiang DM, Ebnoether E, Pfaffl MW, Muller L. Isolation and analysis of tumor‑derived extracellular vesicles from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma plasma by galectin‑based glycan recognition particles. Int J Oncol. 2022;61:133.

37. Zebrowska A, Widlak P, Whiteside T, Pietrowska M. Signaling of tumor-derived sEV impacts melanoma progression. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:5066.

38. Rappa G, Puglisi C, Santos MF, Forte S, Memeo L, Lorico A. Extracellular vesicles from thyroid carcinoma: the new frontier of liquid biopsy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:1114.

39. Sun Y, Xing L, Luo J, et al. A pro-metastatic derivatives eliminator for in vivo dual-removal of circulating tumor cells and tumor-derived exosomes impedes their biodistribution into distant organs. Adv Sci. 2023;10:e2304287.

40. Kontopoulou E, Strachan S, Reinhardt K, et al. Evaluation of dsDNA from extracellular vesicles (EVs) in pediatric AML diagnostics. Ann Hematol. 2020;99:459-75.

41. Döring K, Malinova V, Bettag C, et al. The diagnostic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from the blood plasma of glioblastoma patients. In Vivo. 2024;38:2735-9.

42. Reale A, Khong T, Xu R, et al. Human plasma extracellular vesicle isolation and proteomic characterization for the optimization of liquid biopsy in multiple myeloma. Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2261:151-91.

43. Choi BH, Quan YH, Rho J, et al. Levels of extracellular vesicles in pulmonary and peripheral blood correlate with stages of lung cancer patients. World J Surg. 2020;44:3522-9.

44. Kind S, Merenkow C, Büscheck F, et al. Prevalence of syndecan-1 (CD138) expression in different kinds of human tumors and normal tissues. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:4928315.

45. Palaiologou M, Delladetsima I, Tiniakos D. CD138 (syndecan-1) expression in health and disease. Histol Histopathol. 2014;29:177-89.

46. Diab L, Al Kattar S, Oueini N, et al. Syndecan-1: a key player in health and disease. Immunogenetics. 2024;77:9.

47. Koliakou E, Eleni MM, Koumentakou I, et al. Altered distribution and expression of syndecan-1 and -4 as an additional hallmark in psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:6511.

48. Luo L, Feng S, Wu Y, Su Y, Jing F, Yi Q. Serum levels of syndecan-1 in patients with Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38:89-94.

49. Expression of NAMPT in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Its Correlation with Clinical Manifestation. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2023;31:769-76. (in Chinese) Available from: https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=202302273983252412. [Last accessed on 15 Apr 2026].

50. Bong IP, Ng CC, Fakiruddin SK, Lim MN, Zakaria Z. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells: a preliminary study. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2016;16:268-75.

51. Soncini D, Becherini P, Ladisa F, et al. NAD+ metabolism restriction boosts high-dose melphalan efficacy in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood Adv. 2025;9:1024-39.

52. Horenstein AL, Morandi F, Bracci C, Pistoia V, Malavasi F. Functional insights into nucleotide-metabolizing ectoenzymes expressed by bone marrow-resident cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Immunol Lett. 2019;205:40-50.

53. Stagg J, Golden E, Wennerberg E, Demaria S. The interplay between the DNA damage response and ectonucleotidases modulates tumor response to therapy. Sci Immunol. 2023;8:eabq3015.

54. Morandi F, Horenstein AL, Costa F, Giuliani N, Pistoia V, Malavasi F. CD38: a target for immunotherapeutic approaches in multiple myeloma. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2722.

55. Guo HM, Sun L, Yang L, Liu XJ, Nie ZY, Luo JM. Microvesicles shed from bortezomib-treated or lenalidomide-treated human myeloma cells inhibit angiogenesis in vitro. Oncol Rep. 2018;39:2873-80.

56. Zhang L, Lei Q, Wang H, et al. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit osteogenesis and exacerbate myeloma bone disease. Theranostics. 2019;9:196-209.

57. Razi B, Soleimani M, Soufi-Zomorrod M, Adeli A, Davoudi N. Multiple myeloma cell-derived exosomes promote favorable tumor functional performance by polarizing macrophages toward M2-like cells. APMIS. 2023;131:381-93.

58. Tian X, Sun M, Wu H, et al. Exosome-derived miR-let-7c promotes angiogenesis in multiple myeloma by polarizing M2 macrophages in the bone marrow microenvironment. Leuk Res. 2021;105:106566.

59. Pucci M, Raimondo S, Urzì O, et al. Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles induce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and PD-L1 regulation in M0 macrophages via IL-6/STAT3 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:12118.

60. Wang J, De Veirman K, De Beule N, et al. The bone marrow microenvironment enhances multiple myeloma progression by exosome-mediated activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncotarget. 2015;6:43992-4004.

61. Hagiwara S, Ri M, Ebina T, et al. Immunosuppressive effects of multiple myeloma-derived extracellular vesicles through T cell exhaustion. Cancer Sci. 2025;116:1861-70.

62. Lopes R, Caetano J, Barahona F, et al. Multiple myeloma-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the bone marrow immune microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2022;13:909880.

63. Vulpis E, Loconte L, Peri A, et al. Impact on NK cell functions of acute versus chronic exposure to extracellular vesicle-associated MICA: dual role in cancer immunosurveillance. J Extracell Vesicles. 2022;11:e12176.

64. Ferreira BV, Carneiro EA, Pestana C, et al. Patient-derived extracellular vesicles proteins as new biomarkers in multiple myeloma - a real-world study. Front Oncol. 2022;12:860849.

65. Krishnan SR, Luk F, Brown RD, Suen H, Kwan Y, Bebawy M. Isolation of human CD138+ microparticles from the plasma of patients with multiple myeloma. Neoplasia. 2016;18:25-32.

66. Soncini D, Marimpietri D, Ladisa F, et al. Bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles from multiple myeloma patients promote adaptive immune dysfunction via HLA-G, PD-1, and PD-L1. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1640168.

67. Harshman SW, Canella A, Ciarlariello PD, et al. Proteomic characterization of circulating extracellular vesicles identifies novel serum myeloma associated markers. J Proteomics. 2016;136:89-98.

68. Zhang ZY, Li YC, Geng CY, Zhou HX, Gao W, Chen WM. Serum exosomal microRNAs as novel biomarkers for multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol. 2019;37:409-17.

Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids
ISSN 2767-6641 (Online)
Follow Us

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/