fig3

Figure 3. Initiation and Signaling Pathways of Inflammation in DED. AP-1: Activator protein 1; CXCL8: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-8: interleukin-8; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPKs: mitogen-activated protein kinases; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase 9; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; TLRs: Toll-like receptors; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1.