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Figure 5. Physiological and translational functions of EVs. As crucial mediators of intercellular communication, EVs facilitate information exchange not only within an organism but also between individuals and across species. Their innate properties make them ideal candidates for diverse translational applications, including engineered drug delivery systems with improved targeting, novel vaccines that stimulate antitumor immunity, and sensitive biomarkers for liquid biopsy-based disease diagnosis and monitoring. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; NK cells: natural killer cells; BMDCs: bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.