fig1

Figure 1. Schematic illustrating the various mechanisms through which T-EVs modulate the tumor microenvironment and tumor metabolism. T-EVs promote angiogenesis, fibroblast transformation into CAFs, immunosuppression, ECM remodeling, metastasis formation, and metabolic reprogramming by transferring a wide range of tumor-derived molecules. Created with Biorender. Sanfilippo, A. (2026) https://BioRender.com/mojdgw1. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; T-EVs: tumor-derived extracellular vesicles; CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; ECM: extracellular matrix; TAM: tumor-associated macrophage; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; CoA: coenzyme A; α-KG: alpha-ketoglutarate.