fig5

Figure 5. PRP-derived sEVs are integrated via an affinity immobilization strategy to prevent rapid clearance and enable sustained bioavailability. The immobilized sEVs directly counter high-glucose-induced pathologies by activating cellular autophagy and suppressing apoptosis in key skin cells. This targeted immobilization and release strategy, supported by the robust hydrogel scaffold, coordinately drives angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization. Reprint with permission from Elsevier^[111]. PRP: Platelet-rich plasma; sEVs: small extracellular vesicles; GEL: hydrogel; PRP-EXO: platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes; β-CD: β-cyclodextrin.