fig3

Figure 3. A 3D-fabricated Ca-Si scaffold is immersed in PCL, creating a composite base. This Ca-Si component acts as an affinity coating, significantly increasing the attachment of sEVs to the scaffold surface and enabling their sustained, controlled release. As a result, it overcomes limitations of rapid degradation. This synergistic platform promotes osteogenesis and stem cell recruitment for effective bone repair. Reprint with permission from Elsevier^[86]. Ca-Si: Calcium silicate; PCL: polycaprolactone; sEVs: small extracellular vesicles; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells.