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Figure 5. GGD-PDVLNs reduce intestinal inflammation and restore the intestinal epithelial barrier. (A) ELISA testing the expression profiles of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 in colon tissue; (B) RT-qPCR detecting the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 in colon tissue; (C and E) Fluorescence images of occludin in colon samples and quantitative statistics of relative fluorescence area; (D and F) Fluorescence images of ZO-1 in colon samples and quantitative statistics of relative fluorescence area; scale bar = 100 μm. n = 3. Data are shown as means ± SEM. Bar graphs were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001. GGD-PDVLNs: GeGen decoction-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RT-qPCR: real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; ZO-1: zonula occludens-1; SEM: standard error of the mean; ANOVA: analysis of variance.