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Figure 4. Oral administration of GGD-PDVLNs alleviates DSS-induced UC. (A) Protocol for DSS-induced colitis and GGD-PDVLNs administration, created in BioRender. Yijuan, H. (2026) https://BioRender.com/vhtvulv; (B) Change in body weight, as a percentage of the weight on day zero; (C) DAI score; (D and E) Representative images of colons and average colon length from different groups, n = 5; (F) H&E-stained colon sections (100 and 50 μm, n = 3). Data are shown as means ± SEM. Bar graphs were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, while line graphs were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001. GGD-PDVLNs: GeGen decoction-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; UC: ulcerative colitis; DAI: disease activity index; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; SEM: standard error of the mean; ANOVA: analysis of variance.