fig3

Figure 3. GGD-PDVLNs serve as the primary active components of GGD in alleviating colitis. (A) Protocol for DSS-induced colitis and GGD or PDVLNs-free GGD administration, created in BioRender. Yijuan, H. (2026) https://BioRender.com/zb6hfk8; (B) Change in body weight, as a percentage of the weight on day zero; (C) DAI score; (D and E) Representative images of colons and average colon length from different groups, n = 4; (F) H&E-stained colon sections (100 and 50 μm, n = 3); (G) ELISA testing the expression profiles of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 in colon tissue, n = 3. Data are shown as means ± SEM. Bar graphs were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, while line graphs were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001. GGD: GeGen decoction; GGD-PDVLNs: GeGen decoction-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles; PDVLNs: plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; DAI: disease activity index; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; SEM: standard error of the mean; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ns: no significance.