fig5

Figure 5. qPCR quantification (log₂ FC) of pRS316 plasmid levels across fractions obtained during the EV isolation process, relative to the initial cell culture supernatant. The data are the means ± standard deviation of results from three independent experiments. Significant differences vs. EVs-enriched fraction of both naked plasmid conditions were determined by using the Student’s t-test (*, P < 0.05). Levels of endogenous plasmid were significantly higher compared to naked and naked + cells conditions. FT: Flowthrough; Conc: concentrated sample after tangential flow filtration; UC Sup: ultracentrifugation supernatant; EV: extracellular vesicle; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; FC: fold change.