fig4

Figure 4. Bioprinted periodontal cell sEVs in periodontal regeneration in vitro. (A) Workflow for fabricating bioprinted GelMA + hPDLCs-sEVs/hGFs-sEVs constructs; (B) Demonstration of 3D bioprinted sEVs scaffolds; (C) hBFP-MSCs cultured on bioprinted sEVs constructs with osteogenic differentiation media showed enhanced alkaline phosphatase staining at 2 weeks; (D) Alizarin Red staining confirmed osteogenic differentiation; (E) Toluidine Blue staining indicated ligamentous differentiation after 2 weeks. Adopted from Ref.^[16]. hBFP-MSCs: Human buccal fat pad-derived mesenchymal stromal cells; GelMA + hPDLCs-sEVs/hGFs-sEVs: hPDLCs-sEVs/hGFs-sEVs laden in GelMA; GelMA: gelatin methacryloyl; hPDLCs-sEVs: small extracellular vesicles derived from human periodontal ligament cells; hGFs-sEVs: small extracellular vesicles derived from human gingival fibroblasts; sEVs: small extracellular vesicles; ALP: alkaline phosphatase.